Bycatch Overfishing Regulations And Recovery Environmental Sciences Essay

One of the most urgent issues impacting piscaries today is finding methods of cut downing by-catch and keeping sustainable stocks. In this paper the author will try to specify by-catch and discourse the Torahs regulating the pattern. The author will besides discourse the commercial and recreational parts to the province of duress of the ocean Waterss. Fishing patterns and methods of cut downing the sum of by-catch will besides be discussed. Without the cooperation of fishermen, province, federal, and world-wide authoritiess many species of water bird and fish will non last. Harmonizing to McCaughran by-catch is that ‘portion of the gimmick returned to the sea as a consequence of economic, legal or personal considerations, plus the maintained gimmick of non-targeted species ‘ ( McCaughtan 1 ) . Bycatch are fish, water bird, or Marine mammals that are caught by the way in all types of piscary cogwheel. They are caught because they are unable to travel fast plenty to get away or they may be attracted to the come-on. There are many marauders in the ocean but we are the most unsafe marauders in the H2O. We are unsafe because â€Å" we are limited merely by the bounds we set ourselves † ( Hinman 3 ) . We choose non to put bounds for ourselves that insure the sustainability of our oceans therefore these criterions must be set for us. These bounds are set so we can avoid the â€Å" calamity of the parks † ( Wallace 1 ) . Puting these bounds is the duty of the National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration ( NOAA ) and the National Mar ine Fisheries Service ( NMFS ) . The Magnuson-Stevens Fishery Conservatory Act in 1976 created eight councils to rede NMFS on regional issues on piscary direction. The jurisprudence claimed the Waterss within 200 stat mis of the seashore as the ownership of the United States but it neglected to set up any control over overfishing or habitat loss ( Safina ) . This act was amended in 1996 to include home grounds and overfishing. On January 6, 2004, a concluding regulation was submitted that stated: â€Å" National criterion 9 ( NS9 ) of the Magnuson-Stevens Fishery Conservation and Management Act, as amended by the Stainable Fisheries Act requires that fishery direction programs include preservation and direction steps that shall, to the extent operable, minimise by-catch and to the extent by-catch can non be avoided, minimise the mortality of such by-catch. Implementing by-catch decrease device ( BRD ) demands for the eastern Gulf of Mexico would lend to run intoing that demand † ( Federal Register 2004 ) . An extra amendment was added in 2007 that requires that one-year gimmick bounds and Marine protected countries ( MPAs ) be established ( NOAA Economics ) . The Sustainable Fisheries Act requires that when a stock does non run into the sustainable output a compulsory recovery program which includes a list of overfished species must be proposed ( Safina ) . Some of the reforms have been met with resistance by fisherman and with optimism by environmentalist. Fishermans sometimes stand to lose money with the execution of new regulations and ordinances. The commercial fishing industry in 2007 was estimated to be a $ 28 billion a twelvemonth industry. An extra $ 25 billion a twelvemonth was spent on recreational Marine fishing and activities ( NOAA Economics ) . The mark and by-catch species depends on where you are in the universe. What may be the mark species in the Gulf of Mexico may be the by-catch species in other countries. As new engineering has been introduced into the fishing industry more fish have been caught utilizing gillnets, bag Seines, long lines, runt spiller and other methods. Fig. 1. Most seafood in the U.S. is caught utilizing cyberspaces dragged behind boats, such as bag Seines, spiller and dredges ( NMFS, 2009 ) . This cogwheel enabled fishermen to catch the mark species and anything else in the Waterss. In 1994 the estimated by-catch was 19.9 and 39.5 million dozenss of cast-off fish. A new estimation 10 old ages subsequently utilizing a new methodological analysis was much lower at 7.3 million dozenss. The cast-off sum is approximately 20 % to 25 % of the entire crop ( Wui 1 ) . These Numberss show that a big part of the universe gimmick is discarded ( Davies et Al. 205 ) . By-catch can besides be defined as â€Å" that portion of the gaining control that is discarded at sea, dead ( or injured to an extent that decease is the consequence ) † ( Hall 206 ) . Catch may be discarded because of size, species, sex, or mortality. Other grounds are the gimmick may non be the right species, the quota has been reached, or they may be an illegal gimmick. The runt spiller piscaries show the greatest sum of by-catch. These Numberss differ depending on the beginning and the method of computation. Some estimate the Numberss to be every bit high as 35 % for the universe gimmick ( Baum ) . Bycatch consist of sea polo-necks, juvenile species of ruddy center, Spanish mackerel, topographic point, croaker, beams, bluish pediculosis pubis and many other species. In the 1970 ‘s the ratio of by-catch to shrimp was 10 lbs bycatch to one lb of runt. Bycatch decrease devices ( BRDs ) have been mandated on runt spiller in the Gulf of Mexico. A BRD allows finfish and other by the way caught beings to get away. From 1992 to 1994 there was a decrease of four lbs of by-catch to one lb of runt ( Robert ) . Shrimp spiller besides have turtle excluder devices ( TED ) fitted in them to let sea polo-necks to get away. Data shows that with these devices in the runt trawls the sum of some by-catch has been significantly reduced ( Robert ) . The devices have allowed a partial recovery of ruddy center, Spanish mackerel, king mackerel, and Atlantic croaker ( Louisiana Fisheries ) . Fig. 2. Two versions of runt spiller with BRDs. ( Fuls 16-18 ) Bycatch is inevitable, even with the usage of BDRs. Data shows that there have been around 450 taxa documented as incidental gimmicks in shrimp spiller. Attempts have been made to diminish the mortality of by-catch. One scheme was to integrate a fish oculus in the cyberspaces to let for fish flight. Fishermans besides could better the handling and release of the gimmick. The runt spiller is a type of cogwheel that continues to be studied and improved.Species – English NamePercentage of Total CatchLongspined scup 15 Brown runt 9 Atlantic croaker 9 Inshore lizardfish 6 Pink runt 3 Gulf butterfish 3 Lesser blue crab 2 White runt 2 Longspined swimming crab 2 Brown stone runt 2Table 1 – Top 10 species found in Gulf of Mexico runt spiller gimmicks ( Clucas 6 ) .Another type of angling cogwheel that continually produces high Numberss of by-catch is the different types of gill cyberspaces or miring cyberspaces. Driftnets have been called the â€Å" walls of decease † because big Numberss of non-target fish, marine mammals and sea birds become entangled in them ( Hinman 3 ) .Fig. 3. Beginning: Drift Net ( FAO-Fish 222 ) .Drift cyberspaces come in all sizes and lengths but the United Nations banned cyberspaces over 1.5 stat mis long in 1993, Data has shown that they catch legion mahimahis, sea polo-necks, and other blowers. There mark species is normally swordfish in the Atlantic but they besides catch tunas and sharks. Other finfish such as ocean sunfish, bluefin, giants, tuna, beams and others are besides caught by longlines. When animate beings are entangled in these cyberspaces it is about ever fatal. Some cyberspaces have pingers attached to alarm unsuspicious quarry ( Martin 213 ) . Although some net fishing is still used the drift net piscary has been closed since 1996 ( NMFS 54 ) . Fig.4 Longline fishing cogwheel. The usage of longlines allows fishermen to catch a assortment of species. The come-on from the lines attracts sea birds, polo-necks, and other species of fish. Many ocean birds eatage in countries where there are longline piscaries. The millstone has seen a diminution in population due to being caught on longline maulers. Longlines may be two or more stat mis long and have 100s of baited maulerss. These lines may travel unbridled for 24 hours ensuing in a high mortality rate for the gimmick. Once the birds are caught there is no manner for them to get away. Since they reproduce late in life and have a low fruitfulness they have become a threatened species ( Lewison 743 ) . The millstone has experienced a lessening in population due to longlines ( Hall 214 ) . It is hard to quantify the loss of millstone due to a deficiency of an perceiver plans. Other beings are affected by longlines. The sum of cast-off species in longlines in 1996 was estimated to be † 196.6 metric dozenss of bluish marlin, 67.6 metric dozenss of white marlin, and 71.6 metric dozenss of sailfish † . ( NOAA 54-55 ) . The grounds for high Numberss of by-catch are that the gimmick may non be the targeted species, it may be an illegal gimmick or it may non run into the legal size. The swordfish population has become stressed because of cyberspaces and longlines. In 1996 there were 579 dozenss of swordfish discarded. The Atlantic gar, a prized diversion fish, is frequently the by-catch of longlines. NMFS has enacted a program that protects this fish. The leader of a vas that hooks a billfish must let go of the fish every bit shortly as possible without taking the fish from the H2O ( NOAA 54 ) . One can non discourse by-catch without discoursing overfishing. Overfishing is the procedure of taking fish faster than they can refill themselves ( Gulfbase ) . The utmost sums of by-catch leads to overfishing. If the sum of by-catch is non reduced so stocks will go overfished. In many countries attempt decrease of the targeted and nontargeted species is attractive ( Wui 2 ) . The ruddy center may non retrieve unless there are bounds placed on the shrimping industry ; because the juvenile ruddy center is the by-catch of runt spiller ( Wallace 84 ) . Bycatch decrease must be taken earnestly by the universe population. An country of concern in the subject of by gimmick and overfishing is that of the megafauna. Much of the megafauna by-catch has no economic value and has a high mortality rate. Having no manner to find the figure of beings that are being discarded, these stocks can worsen over clip without sensing. ( Lewison 588 ) . Leting the continued decrease in figure of anchor marauders such as billfish, sharks, bluefin tuna, bluish marlin, and swordfish will doubtless change the nutrient ironss. With fewer marauders there will be more quarry in the nutrient web. Harmonizing to Pauley if this continues we could see the prostration of some piscaries ( Hinman 2 ) . Alternatively of seeking to pull off one species the full ecosystem needs to be managed. We seem to be concerned about the big animate beings and non the animate beings they feed on. The remotion of one tropic degree will impact all degrees. Removing the larger and older species that by and large have a long lifetime and reproduce tardi ly in life will hold a annihilating consequence on the nutrient concatenation. Attempts are being made to seek to cut down the sum of by-catch in the fishing industry. Many fish would hold a higher endurance rate if they were released at a deepness related to their normal home ground. Fishermans are maintaining day-to-day logbook studies, utilizing unit of ammunition hooks alternatively of the traditional maulers, and utilizing pingers on cyberspaces. Other attempts proposed are to set up no-longlining zones, limit the figure of maulers allowed, and count dead discards against the fishermen as an inducement for set downing allowances ( Hinman 4 ) . Practices suggested to protect water bird would be to attach streamers to the lines to discourage the birds and weight the lines to increase the sink rate and carry the line deeper in the H2O ( Martin 214 ) . There have already been 1700 Marine Protected Areas established in the Waterss of the United States to protect threatened species. The issues covering with by-catch and overfishing are legion. There are groups who oppose ordinance and groups who realize that without Torahs the piscaries will vanish. Even though some ordinances will impact the income of the fishermen, without ordinance at that place will non be piscaries. It is sad to read about the sum of cast-off by-catch. There are some states that utilize about all of their gimmick. As other nutrient beginnings become depleted and the universe population continues to turn, I am certain other states will happen utilizations for their gimmicks therefore extinguishing by-catch.

Zz Packer

ZZ Packer The Alternative Master Narrative â€Å"By our second day at Camp Crescendo, the girls in my Brownie troop had decided to kick the asses of each and every girl in Brownie Troop 909† (Packer p. 1). Not exactly how one would think a brownie girl would act, but that’s the trope, author ZZ Packer sets in every one of her stories, in Drinking Coffee Elsewhere. Like most authors, ZZ Packer has her own style of writing. She uses similar patterns and techniques throughout her collection of short stories.I will look at two of her stories and how they relate to her style of writing. â€Å"Brownies† is a story that many people of cultural value can relate too. This short story has many moral values in it. Brownies takes place at Camp Crescendo, a summer camp for fourth graders near the suburbs of Atlanta, Georgia. The story is told in first person by an African American girl named Laurel, also known as Snot. On the second day of camp Laurel announces to all the gir ls in her Brownie Troop that they were going to â€Å"kick the asses† of every girl in the troop, who were all white girls.The black girls disliked the white girls the minute they saw them. There ringleader Arnetta, said they smell â€Å"like chihuahuas. Wet chihuahuas† (Packer p2). The black girls have seen whites before, but they’ve never really had much to do with them. Being at the camp with them was the closest encounter they’ve ever had. which made it realistic and hard to not have any hatred towards them. This story is one of Packers most obvious labels that she usually talks about.As the story goes on, it follows another patten how the narrator of the story Laurel is a loner. Ever since the first grade she has always gotten made fun of, and got the nickname â€Å"Snot†. â€Å"The Ant of the Self† is another story that Packer talks about. It follows the themes of blacks to minorities, the presence of blacks on the east coast, and the main character Spurgeon is a â€Å"loner†. The Ant of the Self is a story about Spurgeon, the intelligent son of Ray Bivens Jr.Throughout the story he finds himself carrying the burden of supporting his self centered father on his shoulders. Ray doesn’t know the true meaning of an intimate relationship and is oblivious to his own son’s needs. When thinking about a father son relationship, you would imagine love, respect, laughter, and support, but when it comes to Spurgeon and his father, their relationship can be described as a business transaction. Spurgeon always supports his father, whatever it may be and he never gets any acknowledgement from his father for being there.In the beginning of the short story Spurgeon bails his father out of jail with money that he earned, and instead of his father showing appreciation or thanking him, he tells him â€Å"Opportunities. You’ve got to invest your money if you want opportunities† (Packer p82). The car ride home his Spurgeon’s father thinks of ways of making fast money, and comes up with an idea. Spurgeon tries telling his father that it’s a bad idea, but of course he doesn’t listen. This story, like many others ends with a the lack of a â€Å"happy ending†.

Observations of Chemical Changes Essay

Objective: This experiment is meant to show how certain chemicals react with each other and can be identified by these reactions Procedure: Several different chemical mixtures were poured into the well plate and observed. These included sodium bicarbonate and hydrochloric acid, bromothymol blue and hydrochloric acid, ammonia and bromothymol blue, hydrochloric acid and blue dye, blue dye and sodium hypochlorite, potassium iodide and lead nitrate, sodium hydroxide and phenolphthalein, hydrochloric acid and phenolphthalein, sodium hydroxide and sliver nitrate, ammonia and silver nitrate, and ammonia and copper (II) sulfate. Some mixtures were also placed in the light or mixed with additional hydrochloric acid or dye. Observation Table: Questions: a.) Silver nitrate could easily be used to test for sodium bicarbonate since it causes the chemical to turn brown. b.) Windex- turns orange with BTB and red with phenolphthalein- base Dish soap- turns yellow with BTB and red with phenolphthalein- base Bleach- turns orange with BTB and purple with phenolphthalein- base Scrubbing Bubbles- turns blue with BTB and gray with phenolphthalein- acid c.) The solution contains no vinegar or a very small amount of vinegar because a pink color indicates a basic solution, and vinegar is and acid. d.) The yellow flavor is more acidic and the blue flavor is more basic. e.) Combining the mixture with potassium iodide could easily test for the presence of lead. If the mixture contained lead, then the potassium iodide would cause the mixture to turn yellow and thick like a solid. Conclusion: Many chemicals will produce obvious physical changes when mixed with other chemicals. These mixtures usually result in a change in color or consistency, which can distinguish them from other chemicals. While certain chemicals may react the same way with on mixture, testing a chemical with multiple mixtures will most likely allow the chemical to be identified.

Family values Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 250 words

Family values - Essay Example These values include unabated and unflinching love and affection among the family members, and extreme care and concern for the fulfilment of all the needs and requirements of the members. â€Å"The family is an intimate social setting where the child first experiences love, care and attention that eventually help in launching him/her into the bigger environment.† (Cruz et al., 2011:3) Hence, it is the moral obligation of the members to abide by these values for the strengthening of the family unit. If any member is in some trouble, or suffering from mental agony, illness or physical problem, the entire family should remain deeply worried till the solution of the problem as well as till his convalescence from the ailment. Another distinguished family value to be followed is the mutual respect and unity, which is rare in any other social institution. The enemy of one member should vehemently be considered as the rival of the entire family, and all members should look down upon him with great hatred and abhorrence. Furthermore, head of family, mostly the father, should work hard to provide financial support to the entire family unit, so that family members could lead a respectable and comfortable life in society. Mother should pay due heed in the brought up, nutrition and socialization of the children. She should also offer her professional services to generate money for the family at the hour of need. Family members must maintain deep feelings of respect and regard for one another. The family values urge the children to remain obedient and complying to the commands of the elders, and always observe honesty, devotion, kindness, compassion and dedication to all family members. Family values motivate the members to exercise generosity and emotional support to others, and forgive the others provided they consciously or unconsciously are hurt by the words or actions of others. Hence, the concepts like deceit, dishonesty,

Personal development planning Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1000 words - 2

Personal development planning - Essay Example In order to enter the field, they would require a set of skills and hands-on experience that would enable them perform assigned tasks effectively besides enhancing their chances of advancing their careers (OPITO, 2015, p.1). This paper will define the skills and knowledge needed for a HR manager in the oil gas industry and discusses ways of developing these competences. Students aiming at positions of human resource managers in oil and gas industries require set of skills and knowledge for managing the human resources in a firm as well as relating with the other executives. In addition, they require skills and knowledge on the operations of a gas and oil firm that would influence the performances of human resources and other dynamics (Oil and Gas Job Search, 2015 p.1). This would be necessary since the work setting in oil and gas industry would differ with work environments in other industries. The HR manager in oil and gas firm has the responsibility of managing all issues of employees that would require wide experience and skills. These include: Students undertaking oil and gas management courses would need to develop ways of acquiring the skills and knowledge listed above to promote their employability in the firms upon completion of their studies. Some knowledge and skills are not adequately covered in lecture rooms and students would acquire them by engaging in out of class activities. Students in the oil and gas management would use the following plan to acquire above listed skills and knowledge: They should ensure they are enrolled for degree courses in Human resource management or an equivalent. This would ensure they qualify with degrees that are acceptable in for a position in HR department in oil and gas firms. Ensuring they master the responsibilities of HR in managing human resources including procedure for recruitment, systems used in compensating workers, systems used of keeping information of persons, and the development of

Civilisation and the arts in london Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1250 words

Civilisation and the arts in london - Essay Example They export music and celebrities in every part of the world. People of London copy the hairstyle and dresses of their favourite celebrities. Music occupies important place in London’s fashion culture. People show great interest in listening music on television, internet and on audio media. Media, television, audio media and sports all influenced the fashion in the life of youth and children specially. Music and dance parties are the main feature of nightclubs of London. Same trend of parties is also prevailing in fashion weeks (Foreman, 2005). Independent group caused the emergence of British pop art in London. Painter Richard Hamilton, Curator and art critique Lawrence Alloway and sculptor Eduardo got together in the London school of contemporary arts to promote popular culture in London. They first met in 1952 in London where Eduardo presented his celebrated college entitled â€Å"I was a rich man’s play thing†. All the emphasis during the discussion was laid on artistic values and interrelation of popular mass culture. In 1955, another member of the group Hamilton produced his college â€Å"just what is it that makes home so appealing†. This was recognized as the pioneer example of British pop art in London. Afterwards, number of people joined pop art and did reasonable work in expansion of pop art in London. ... Youth still follow this Beatles fashion in London. Jurgen Vollmer was a schoolchild in 50s, who left his hairs hanging down on his forehead. This style was copied by the young boys of that time. But main reason of fame was rock music. Beatle mania is spreading very fast and youth love the Beatle’s music in London (Foreman, 2005). Artistic contributions of great English artists have influenced the life of Londoners. Artists attracted people to make people understand the depth of architectural work. Architectural work of English people in visible in the form of, castles, churches and government buildings in and around London. This architectural work is counted masterpiece work in the architectural era of England. (White, 2001) Variety and quality of foodstuff available in London is matchless with rest of the England. London is considered as the main hub of English food culture. Rising of London as one of the best cities of the world encouraged Londoners to promote English food c ulture in the city. Unlike other parts of the country, London has seen increase in number of casinos. All types of English dishes are available in London restaurants and hotels. Celebrated chefs also love to show their cooking potentials in London. This very culture of London influences the fashion and entertainment. (White, 2001) London is the centre of fashion activities in the world. London fashion weeks are symbol of quality dress designing in the world. Number of celebrities show up for advertising the work of English fashion designers. Catwalk fashion of London fashion shows greatly influences the popular consumer culture. Fashion designers tend to promote their work by following the lifestyle of famous sports and music figures

Materials selection using CES material program Coursework

Materials selection using CES material program - Coursework Example Shaft should be string since it provides the facet for holding the umbrella. The ligaments or ribs connect to the shaft and help in maintaining the shape of the umbrella. HST Aluminum provides the best option for the shaft design because it is commercially available; it is light in weight, and a high strength-to-weight ratio. The arms keep the umbrella in shape. Material selection using CES program indicate that aluminum is the best material for arm design. HST Aluminum is commercially available; it is light in weight, much harder, and a high strength-to-weight ratio. The joint is made of plastic since plastic is easier to construct, saves money, and is readily available. Compared to other types of plastics, Polyvinyl Chloride (PVC) best suits umbrella joints. Low Density Polyethylene, Polypropylene, High Density Polyethylene, and Polyethylene Terephthalate are weak. The cover material-Nylon (polyamide), provides the best choice for clothing material because it is: resilient to wear, difficult to link except mechanically, self-lubricating, creamy in color, resistant to extremely high temperatures, resistant to most chemicals, machines well, low friction coefficient, hard tough, bearing surfaces. For the spring design, Ferritic steel is used because it is capable of maintaining its strength indeterminately, the surface is well sheltered from rust, recyclable and it is flexible and strong. Ferritic steels are also non-magnetic and contain less carbon (0.1%), 12-17% chromium, and other elements used in alloys; factors vital for the strength of the finished products. The material selection above indicates that assembling an umbrella is a difficult engineering work. Several modern umbrellas have telescoping frames that enclose expansion springs. The frames are also attached to the second spring using a rider. The duties that each part carries out prove that the material selection phase needs proper analysis by CES. Mechanisms

Analysis of Dear White People Movie Assignment Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 500 words

Analysis of Dear White People Movie - Assignment Example The movie depicts that he smokes weed and hides from his girlfriend and everyone. Later on, he loses his presidency in the house and another black student who is the main character of the movie becomes the new president of the house. Her name is Samantha; she works for the school’s radio channel. She has a subscriber who is a white kid in the college. Samantha has a very major role in the presidency but she fails to do much for the black kids. For example, she kicked out everyone from the dining room except white people. She makes the black people live and eat alone. However, there is one black guy, who is Lionel Huggins. He was living in the school president son’s house but there the white kids were not nice to him. They used to keep him out while having a party. He complained about the situation to the dean of the school that belongs to the black community. Black community starts to protest for their rights and they fought hard. One black girl named Colandrea Conners who is pet named as coco posted lots of videos but failed to get subscribers. But later she starts posting jokes about how white people joked about blacks. She even started to do joke about black people and got more subscribers. She made a deal with president son’s to organize a big party and she invited everyone. However, president of the school said no party can be organized. She invited everyone and a big party takes place. However white people at the party wear costumes that made them look like blacks. They have black hair, chains, all loopy clothes, black masks and act like they are black. The party becomes wild and coco was going crazy about the party. Later Lionel comes to the party with other people and starts acting crazy and goes to meet Troy.

BUSINESS ECONOMICS COURSEWORK Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 2000 words - 1

BUSINESS ECONOMICS COURSEWORK - Essay Example In this labor contract, wages and benefits are specified. However, Bhagat is free to choose the quantity of labor it employs. Bhagat has announced a $3 price increase for its machine parts. This figure represents the projected $3 increase in labor costs due to its new union contract. It is Gina’s responsibility to evaluate this announcement. Many firms use cost-plus pricing for supply contracts as the changes in cost-plus contracts are more likely to become a responsibility of the purchaser of the product. Thus, fluctuations and volatility of labor costs, price for fuel and other resources are the risks of the purchaser of the product rather than supplier/manufacturer. Cost-plus pricing mitigates the risks of the supplier/manufacturer of the product and therefore, makes him feel more relaxed and less motivated to reduce costs associated with production of the product. Purchaser of the product has to pay for these costs, which incurs increase of the price of the product sold and therefore either decreases his mark up or weakens his competitive position on the market. Personal video recorders (PVRs) are digital video recorders used to record and replay television programs received from cable, satellite, or local broadcasts. But unlike VCRs, which they replace, PVRs offer many more functions, notably the ability to record up to 80 hours of programs and easy programming. A PVR consists of an internal hard disk and micro processor. After the owner installs the hardware, the PVR downloads all upcoming TV schedules to the hardware via a phone or cable connection. Users merely enter the name of the show(s) they want recorded and the system finds the time and channel of the show and automatically records it. Users must subscribe to a cable or satellite system if they wish to record programs off these channels. Besides ease of programming and much larger recording capacity than video tape,

Webquest Assignment Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1000 words

Webquest - Assignment Example In his theory of cognitive development, Piaget relates the development process of children to different cultures and visualizes their environments of growth. Piaget describes the development stages to undergo the following process Assimilation - Assimilation stage is acquired at birth when a child conceptualizes the reflexes that transform gradually pertaining to the environment where one grows up. It mainly constitutes determination of schema that varies according to a particular situation (Wadsworth, 2004). Equilibrium - Piaget describes equilibrium as determinants enhancing human development process. Piaget articulates that it is never a direct process because different challenges are associated with it. For instance, every stage of development that is coupled by retarded challenges may require replacement by alternative schemas (Wadsworth, 2004). Oral stage - It requires the development stage of duration from birth to a maximum of 1 year. This period determines the principle part of social development where the body seeks to acquire its form of pleasure thus entail behaviors such as chewing of button and biting of nails (Seorang, 2014). Anal stage - This is the stage between one to two years where much of the development is relayed on mastery of the right behavioral practices. At this stage, for instance, a child gets to understand toilet manners and desist from attending to their clothes (Seorang, 2014). Phallic stage - It forms the third stage of human social and emotional development. It mainly focuses on sexuality and the determinants to identify the difference in the genital composition. According to Sigmund, the scene draws many conflicts as boys develop sexual feelings towards their mothers with a comparative fear that their fathers’ who are against such feelings may punish them (Seorang, 2014). Latency stage - This stage embraces numerous skills development and related activities with much sexual motivation

Hormones in the Environment Can Cause Male Infertility Research Paper

Hormones in the Environment Can Cause Male Infertility - Research Paper Example Other substances are generated as a byproduct during manufacturing or are breakdown of chemicals. These compounds can have morphological and physiological effects in the body. In general, health effects associated with EDCs include a range of reproductive problems (reduced fertility, male and female reproductive tract abnormalities, and skewed male/female sex ratios, loss of fetus, menstrual problems); changes in hormone levels; early puberty; brain and behavior problems; impaired immune functions; and various cancers. EDCs not only affect adults but are particularly potent when exposure occurs during fetal and early postnatal development. An environmental endocrine or hormone disruptor is an exogenous agent that interferes with the synthesis, secretion, transport, binding, action, or elimination of natural hormones in the body that are responsible for the maintenance of homeostasis, reproduction, development, and/or behavior. They enter your body through ingestion, inhalation, and d ermal contact. These compounds mimic, enhance (an agonist), or inhibit (an antagonist) the action of hormones. The number of known endocrine disruptors is large and continuously increasing, and includes both naturally occurring and synthetic substances. Some, called phytochemicals, reside in fungus and plants, including mold, clover, whole grains, soybeans and other legumes, and many fruits and vegetables. Human activities release other naturally occurring EDCs: the heavy metals lead, mercury, and cadmium. Chemically, environmental hormones such as polychlorinated dibenzop- dioxins (PCDDs), 1,1,1-trichloro-2,2-bis(p-chlorophenyl)-ethane (DDT), and polychlorinated biphenyls (PCBs) are composed of an aromatic system substituted with chlorine at various positions. They are potently toxic in biological systems, and teratogenic to animals. Moreover, it has been reported that the chemicals 2,2-bis(p-ydroxyphenyl)propane (bisphenol A, BPA) and diethyl stilbestrol (DES) mimic natural hormon es, and may disrupt the endocrine systems in animals and humans (Kobayashi et al. 680). Common EDCs having estrogenic activity can come from house hold material like solvents and adhesives such as those found in nail polish, paint remover, and glues; emulsifiers & waxes found in soaps and cosmetics, dry cleaning chemicals, nearly all plastics, (also phthalates, synthetic compounds that add flexibility to plastics, such as the plastic tubes and bags used in storing and delivering IV fluids to patients, and the rubbery toys children play with), meat from livestock fed estrogenic drugs to fatten them up, surfactants such as nonoxonyl (spermicides) found in many condoms and diaphragm gels, and petrochemically based scented products & perfumes. Synthetic chemicals such as pesticides, herbicides, polychiorinated biphenyls (PCBs), plasticizers, and surfactant breakdown products are known to have estrogenic activity. Currently, four major classes of environmental hormones that interact dire ctly with steroid hormone receptors are known: environmental estrogens, environmental antiestrogens, environmental antiprogestins, and environmental antiandrogens. Physiologically dioxin acts as antiestrogenic; carbamate insecticides as antiprogestigenic; and polyaromatic hydrocarbons, linuron, vinclozolin, and p,p’-DDE as antiandrogenic (Cheek and McLachlan 9). The hypothalamic–pituitary–gonadal axis is a critical part in the development and regulation of

Linguistics Essay Essay Example for Free

Linguistics Essay Essay Some key terms: cultural, social, situational meaning; language; phonetics; the vocal apparatus; the vocal cords; voiced-voiceless sounds; place of articulation; stress or accent; pitch or tone; morphology; morpheme (singular-plural, tense). Assignment # 1: Essay on â€Å"what can the way a person speaks tell us about that person?† (due 1/18 at lecture time). Week 2: Jan. 18 The structure of language. [Assign. 1 (essay) due today at lecture time] Some key terms: syntax: subject, verb, object; language types; semantics (†Colorless green ideas†¦Ã¢â‚¬ ); pragmatics. Jan. 20 Language structure analysis. Language, Culture, and Cognition. (hdt. #3.0 3.01) Readings: Bonvillain, Chaps. 2-cont. (pp. 22-27, 37-39) 3 (pp. 41-63) Some key terms: Sapir-Whorf hypothesis; semantic or vocabulary domain; color language and color cognition; lexical classifications and ethnoscientific domains; focal meaning and fuzzy membership; cultural presupposition; metaphor, metonymy; metaphors of kinship, other metaphors; proverbs. Week 3 Jan. 25 Language, Culture, and Cognition. (Hdt. 3.1, 3.2- metaphors new words) â€Å"Metaphors We Live By†. Readings: Bonvillain, Ch. 3 (pp. 64-71) Jan. 27 Language and Culture: New Words in American English. Readings: Handouts: â€Å"Dictionary adds terms like chick flicks†; â€Å"Blog-blogger explained† â€Å"Words banned,† newspaper article. Project Explained: Profile of an ethno-linguistic group in the Los Angeles area. CHEM 105B Chapter 13 – 7 hours Chapter 14 – 7 hours Mastering Chemistry -8 hours Problems in Book – 2 hours Calculus 5.6 # 1,2,9,13,21,25 5.7 # 1,2,13,18*,35,39,45,48 5.8 # 1,11,13,16,21,27,29,32,35,41,49 * use a computer program 6.1 # 1,2,3,7,9,13,16,18,20,27,33,44 6.2 # 1,3,5,14,19,23,37,39,40,43,48,49,53,54 7 hours

Incident Grading in Emergency Responses

Incident Grading in Emergency Responses Situations/incidents go into a system where they determine how high risk/serious the incident is and it is done into 4 grades. P3: The first grade is the emergency response, and this is the most high risk response and is followed through when someone is in a critical emergency such as a violence that is about to happen and also if there is big damage to property. If someone is at a serious threat to get injured or a danger to their life this is also a very good reason for it to be an emergency. An officer regardless of their rank will be required to attend to the incident also specialist staff will be required depending on the emergency. An example of an emergency situation would be a person trapped in a house fire requiring the fire service to extinguish the fire and pull the person out of the house. This situation would more likely involve an injury or death to a person/people and also cause a massive disruption in the area therefore being an emergency. This incident would be small scale because it is a house fire. Another example would be if a criminal is posing a terrorist threat such as shooting at crowds of people or seen setting up bombs. This would be classed as a large scale incident and would require an emergency response that will have emergency services be there in under 20 minutes and police will have the right to ignore road speeds and laws and traffic lights to get to the emergency in time. Mainly the police will get involved to arrest any suspects or to neutralize anyone that is a threat to people. The second grade would be priority response, this is still an emergency but not as severe as grade one, but still there is a high level of importance to the incident. There is a lot of variables to how important the incident and some reasons would be: Someone is in emotional state and extremely upset and can potentially make them in a vulnerable condition. Another reason would be if a criminal/offender has already been arrested. Also would come if there is a concern for the persons health/wellbeing If there is a risk of losing witnesses or evidence If a serious but non-fatal injury has occurred or possibly a traffic collision that will involve these services Hate crimes are also a top priority on the list since it is against the law and breaches the Racial Religious act 2006 or Crime Disorder act 1998. It is required by law for emergency services to respond to a priority incident within 2 hours if it is a grade 2 incident. The third grade would be a scheduled response, this is when a caller or a person has scheduled/ pre-arranged to meet the caller within 48 hours. The attendance of the emergency incident can be met through surgeries, hospitals, stations or any other premises. The fourth grade would be Resolution without deployment, the caller is able to seek advice and resolve an incident through letters, phone calls, questions through the phone and also the service recommending a service more appropriate to the incident. Also in grade 4, deployment of any emergency services are not required but the situation would be analysed and possibly recorded. Incidents on grade would most likely be handed over to agencies such as safer community team, child protection agency, intelligence units and also the traffic control team. Overall, when an incident is rang over the telephone, the operator has to then make a decision on how serious the incident is. The operator will choose from the 4 grades I have just mentioned. Fire service categories: Category A: There are stronger chances of fire spread in built up areas in larger cities. Especially cities containing commercial and industrial premises and high rising properties. First step of the procedure in category A is for three pumps to attend the scene, two within the first 5 minutes and one within eight minutes. This procedure needs to be followed correctly 75% of the time. Category B: The recommended first attendance is for two pumps to attend the scene. One to arrive within 5 minutes and the other within 8 minutes. This procedure is followed for areas in towns and cities with smaller industrial areas and the estates. Same as category A this needs to be achieved on at least 75% of occasions. Category C: This procedure has been put in place for areas of residential dwellings, flats and terraced properties. He recommended attendance is for one pump to be sent within 8 10 minutes. This needs to be achieved on at least 75% of occasions. Category D: This procedure has been put in place for villages and farms. The recommended first attendance is one pump to be sent within 20 minutes. This needs to be achieved on at least 75% of occasions. P4: The call handling personnel in a small scale incident such as a house fire will be on the front lines. This means they will be talking to the victim/caller directly, and it is there job to calm the person on the call if in distress along will despatching the appropriate emergency service to the situation. If the operator is a 999 operator then they will be required to ask the callers name, the location they are calling from, about what happened and most important of all, if anyone is injured or at risk. Also the incident could be followed up through calling a police station which is non-emergency, which then an officer would answer the call and answer any questions an give any relevant information of the incident to the caller. Call operators for a large scale incident would ask for their ask location so police can be easily notified about the location, for example, in a large scale terrorist attack the operator would tell the caller to keep calm and use any means necessary to defend themselves from the attacker and this includes self-defence. Also the operator would give advice and also give instructions on how to apply first aid until emergency services arrive. M2: Both police and the fire service use terminology to communicate with each other, and the terminology is used to recognize a certain type of person. For example, ACP would be used to identify an Assistance Commissioner Professionalism for police and a WRC for the fire service would be used to identify a water carrier. Another similarity is that they both use the grading system based on the level of importance, for example, Grade A and emergency response both respond to emergencies within 20 minutes but on the other hand the difference is that the fire service are required to attend the scene within 8 minutes and police would be 20. Police and the fire service have a common goal and that would be to protect civilians along with providing emergency first aid if needed. Also inÂÂ   an event of an emergency both services will be required to drive at excessive speeds to attend to the incident and both services will have to of passed the Advanced Driving test to prove they can control the vehicle at high speeds with other distractions around them. If the driver does not get to the incident fast enough it could result in a casualty. All three emergency services must not go past the speed limit by an excessive amount, for example, on 30 mile-per-hour road the driver must not go past 45MPH. The advanced driving test will come in handy when there is a high chance of injuring a vulnerable person with your vehicle while driving at excessive speeds. The Police, Ambulance and Fire service all work together at major incidents and all services have a chain of command. Here are the list of commands Gold command this is the highest form of command at an incident, gold command sets the strategy or the plan to resolve the incident. Silver command this is the secondary form of command, silver implements or passes on Golds strategy for the incident. Bronze command this is the final command style which refers to everyone else who is called out to the incident and puts Golds strategy into action. The common goal of all commands is to save and protect lives of those involved and prevent the incident getting worse, along with defending the environment and make the situation normal quickly but efficiently and without casuing any further harm to anyone or the enviroment, when the process has been resolved, there will be a debriefing process after.

Various stages in outsourcing

Various stages in outsourcing Various Stages in Outsourcing The companies have many processes that have to be integrated while manufacturing, selling, buying, customer sourcing etc.   It has to decide on what level it has to outsource so as to be a profitable organization. It has to identify analyze and maximize outsourcing opportunities. The stages for outsourcing can be different for different customers but the The outsourcing process can be put into three phases: (these stages have been put out after going through how many companies decide to outsource Analysis Stage perations stage Implementation stage model by author Analysis Stage(ch.2 pg 33. Decision to outsource book: black book of outsourcing) There are various decisions that the company has to make while thinking of outsourcing. One of the biggest questions that arises in the mind of the company is to make or buy the required service or product for the company. The company mostly uses cost benefit analysis with the help of the make or buy model to come to a conclusion whether to buy or make. The analysis stage acts as foundation stone where the company decides if it wants to outsource its function or not. The model helps us understand whether the company wants to make or buy. Its possible that they get into joint venture, subsidiaries or allied services could be obtained.   It depends on the cost analysis that the company decides mostly on what they want for their business. Comparative analysis of the make or buy decision is regarded the highest degree of analysis for taking such a step. The company has then to scan all the places where they could get service providers for their company for outsourcing. For example: If a company like S.Oliver in Germany wants to see where it can get the cheapest labour and manufacturers for their apparel the have many South Asian countries that they can depend on as their main concern for cost is labour and that is the cheapest in the countries down Asia. There are various political hassles that happen when the company wants to enter and obtain services from another country. The company would always like to enter a country that is politically stable and does not create any problems for them to setup and establish their roots. The make decision will involve the company to look at the economy of the countries that they want to outsource. The economy should be stable and should not be better than the companys own country or there is no point in outsourcing. The company would like to look at the cost and also if there are future potential to sell in the same country the products that they are making. The main infulncers in this category will be the GDP and the per capita income of the people. Operations Stage At the operations stage the company will identify and shortlist the service providers and negotiate the terms and conditions with them. The company will undergo this process with various service providers so that they can get the best deal out of the minimum problems. The company will then select some service providers that the company feels would be the most profitable. The company will negotiate the terms and conditions and keep the format clear on what they are looking for and what is the way the payments would be made the staff the operational strategies, raw materials, etc The most important thing that arises while coming to outsourcing is the communication or logistics channel that the company wishes to use for outsourcing. For e.g. S. Oliver has to ship back its apparel from India to Germany to get the apparel checked and branded if they are made as per the requirements. So for such process the cost of logistics and operations are also looked for if the it works out cheaper for the company to outsource its services to other countries. Implementation Stage This stage is the most important and the most difficult stage. The company have to send across managers and consultants to actually implement the business process and design how they actually want the production to go on. The company lays down the framework in place and puts the integration process right. Construction of the business is setup the communication lines are setup, the total integration of all the businesses together. This stage will determine the future flow of the business. The company can also run a simulated run so that they will come to what all flaws are there and they can improve it later. Advantages, Benefits and Opportunities There are various advantages of outsourcing; some of them are listed below: Outsourcing can save money Economies of scale can save money for the service providers can produce in large volumes because they get orders from multiple companies and the volumes are high. The pharmaceuticals industry can be used to illustrate economies of scale in relationships. Clinical trials of experimental drugs require just the right patients healthy in most all respects but the one indication being treated, and willing to submit themselves to experimentation. It takes a significant investment of time and money to develop relationships with the hospitals and clinicians (and the triage nurses in their emergency rooms) that supply patients for the trials. Clinical trials also require just the right medical investigators doctors and medical researchers who are well respected in their industries. Again, it takes size to attract the best investigators. The most sought-after investigators look for organizations that can supply them with interesting and publishable research projects and with support services (such as data collection and well-managed processes) that make their jobs easier and their results more reliable. And so a lucrative outsourcing industry has evolved to manage clinical trials of experimental drugs for pharmaceutical companies. [The author thanks Patricia Seymour, Covance Biotechnology Services, Research Triangle Park, North Carolina, for this case study.] Outsourcing allows concentration on core business The company has to also to concentrate on its back office activities by outsourcing such activities to other companies the company can avail benefits of concentrating on core business activities. For e.g. A company in has to look after large purchasing orders in a short span of time for its increase in volumes of production, it can outsource its purchasing process to some service provider and thus concentrate on its core business activities. Technology advantage at lower rates The company can avail http://www.enotes.com/management-encyclopedia/make-buy-decisions http://www.sourcingmag.com/content/c051011a.asp

Reptiles :: essays research papers

Reptiles are vertebrate, or backboned animals constituting the class Reptilia and are characterized by a combination of features, none of which alone could separate all reptiles from all other animals.The characteristics of reptiles are numerous, therefore can not be explained in great detail in this report. In no special order, the characteristics of reptiles are: cold-bloodedness; the presence of lungs; direct development, without larval forms as in amphibians; a dry skin with scales but not feathers or hair; an amniote egg; internal fertilization; a three or four-chambered heart; two aortic arches (blood vessels) carrying blood from the heart to the body, unlike mammals and birds that only have one; a metanephric kidney; twelve pairs of cranial nerves; and skeletal features such as limbs with usually five clawed fingers or toes, at least two spinal bones associated with the pelvis, a single ball-and-socket connection at the head-neck joint instead of two, as in advanced amphibian s and mammals, and an incomplete or complete partition along the roof of the mouth, separating the food and air passageways so that breathing can continue while food is being chewed. These and other traditional defining characteristics of reptiles have been subjected to considerable modification in recent times. The extinct flying reptiles, called pterosaurs or pterodactyls, are now thought to have been warm-blooded and covered with hair. Also, the dinosaurs are also now considered by many authorities to have been warm-blooded. The earliest known bird, archaeopteryx, is now regarded by many to have been a small dinosaur, despite its covering of feathers The extinct ancestors of the mammals, the therapsids, or mammallike reptiles, are also believed to have been warm-blooded and haired. Proposals have been made to reclassify the pterosaurs, dinosaurs, and certain other groups out of the class Reptilia into one or more classes of their own. The class Reptilia is divided into 6 to 12 subclasses by different authorities. This includes living and extinct species. In addition, a number of these subclasses are completely extinct. The subclasses contain about 24 orders, but only 4 of these are still represented by living animals.Of the living orders of reptiles, two arose earlier than the age of reptiles, when dinosaurs were dominant. Tuataras, of the order Rhynchocephalia, are found only on New Zealand islands, whereas the equally ancient turtles, order Chelonia, occur nearly worldwide. The order Crocodilia emerged along with the dinosaurs. Snakes and lizards, order Squamata, are today the most numerous reptile species.

Vietnam Essay -- essays research papers

The trials and tribulations the soldiers faced at home were far worse than any battle they fought while in Vietnam. No one seemed to fully understand what these men had went through. They came home looking for love and comfort; little did they know that they had not yet experienced the worst of the war. A numerous amount of people were for the war, but the reality was, many were against it. " During 1967 public support for the war dropped sharply. By October approval of Johnson’s handling of the war dropped to 28%. A number of major metropolitan newspapers shifted from supporting the war to opposing it" (Wexler 145 ). Once the public realized that the war wasn’t all glory, they regretted the country’s involvement. The government wasn’t exactly the most reliable source of information during the war. They couldn’t be counted on when they were needed most. The government’s handling of aid for veteran’s seemed to be carelessly handled. Veterans were treated poorly and promises were broken frequently. The majority of the American population had no clue that the government was hiding information about POWs. " From September 1973 to March 1974, a series of unrelated witnesses reported the movement of nine POWs between two Laotian prison camps" ( Sauter 189 ). Similar accounts of American prisoners’ sightings were hidden from the public. Ron Kovic was not a prisoner of war. Instead he was sent home after being wounded. His return home was originally fine; everything he thought it would be. Yet he did not receive the welcome he had hoped for. Many resented him. He received blank stares and vicious glares. even his own brother was against the war. His family was baffled by the pessimistic view towards life that he had picked up along the way. In Born on the Fourth of July, Ron Kovic often mentioned that the veterans’ hospitals were torture chambers. " It is easy to lose it all here. The whole place functions smoothly, but somewhere along the way I am losing, and the rest of the people whom I can’t see in the rooms around me are losing too. Even if I heal this leg, I will lose. No one ever leaves this place without losing" ( Kovic 129 ). He felt this way, because he had seen the reality of the war, and he was appalled by the treatment the men received. Even after they had fought fo... ...attitude toward the war was bitter and aggressive. He resented the government and all people who supported the war. What had Ron become? He used to be an All-American boy. Characterized by his intense love for his country; his patriotism exuded in everything he did. However, once he realized how naive he’d been about war in general, he learned to hate it. He’d lecture to families and children not to enlist for the war, because they might not come back how they had dreamed. They might come back like him, or not even come back at all. A few choice veterans overcame the adversity, but despite the few gains made by Vietnam vets, in many situations, public perspectives toward the veterans had taken up the enemy’s bullets left off. Instead, they had bullets of hatred and rancor shot at them. Their lives were never the same. Kovic, Ron. Born on the Fourth of July. New York: McGraw-Hill Book Company, 1976. Mason, Patience H. C. Recovering from the War. New York: Penguin Books, 1990. Saunders, Jim, and Mark Sauter. The Men We Left Behind. Bethesda: Saunders and Sauter, 1993. Wexler, Sanford. An Eyewitness History: The Vietnam War. New York: Wexler, 1992 Vietnam Essay -- essays research papers The trials and tribulations the soldiers faced at home were far worse than any battle they fought while in Vietnam. No one seemed to fully understand what these men had went through. They came home looking for love and comfort; little did they know that they had not yet experienced the worst of the war. A numerous amount of people were for the war, but the reality was, many were against it. " During 1967 public support for the war dropped sharply. By October approval of Johnson’s handling of the war dropped to 28%. A number of major metropolitan newspapers shifted from supporting the war to opposing it" (Wexler 145 ). Once the public realized that the war wasn’t all glory, they regretted the country’s involvement. The government wasn’t exactly the most reliable source of information during the war. They couldn’t be counted on when they were needed most. The government’s handling of aid for veteran’s seemed to be carelessly handled. Veterans were treated poorly and promises were broken frequently. The majority of the American population had no clue that the government was hiding information about POWs. " From September 1973 to March 1974, a series of unrelated witnesses reported the movement of nine POWs between two Laotian prison camps" ( Sauter 189 ). Similar accounts of American prisoners’ sightings were hidden from the public. Ron Kovic was not a prisoner of war. Instead he was sent home after being wounded. His return home was originally fine; everything he thought it would be. Yet he did not receive the welcome he had hoped for. Many resented him. He received blank stares and vicious glares. even his own brother was against the war. His family was baffled by the pessimistic view towards life that he had picked up along the way. In Born on the Fourth of July, Ron Kovic often mentioned that the veterans’ hospitals were torture chambers. " It is easy to lose it all here. The whole place functions smoothly, but somewhere along the way I am losing, and the rest of the people whom I can’t see in the rooms around me are losing too. Even if I heal this leg, I will lose. No one ever leaves this place without losing" ( Kovic 129 ). He felt this way, because he had seen the reality of the war, and he was appalled by the treatment the men received. Even after they had fought fo... ...attitude toward the war was bitter and aggressive. He resented the government and all people who supported the war. What had Ron become? He used to be an All-American boy. Characterized by his intense love for his country; his patriotism exuded in everything he did. However, once he realized how naive he’d been about war in general, he learned to hate it. He’d lecture to families and children not to enlist for the war, because they might not come back how they had dreamed. They might come back like him, or not even come back at all. A few choice veterans overcame the adversity, but despite the few gains made by Vietnam vets, in many situations, public perspectives toward the veterans had taken up the enemy’s bullets left off. Instead, they had bullets of hatred and rancor shot at them. Their lives were never the same. Kovic, Ron. Born on the Fourth of July. New York: McGraw-Hill Book Company, 1976. Mason, Patience H. C. Recovering from the War. New York: Penguin Books, 1990. Saunders, Jim, and Mark Sauter. The Men We Left Behind. Bethesda: Saunders and Sauter, 1993. Wexler, Sanford. An Eyewitness History: The Vietnam War. New York: Wexler, 1992

Evaluate the planning function of management

Another issue, which involves more of the Boeing’s social responsibility in relation to security, is the illegal export of commercial jets with QRS-11 gyrochip, Between 2000 and 2003, Boeing exported commercial jets with a QRS-11 gyrochip in the instrument flight boxes, even though the chip was classified by the State Department as an export-restricted defense item because it can be used to stabilize and steer guided missiles (Gates & Mundy, 2006).Just imagine if these chips could go into the wrong hands. This issue could greatly impact Boeings management planning since the State Department last year prepared civil charges alleging 94 violations of the Arms Control Act. The possible outcome could lead to potential fine of as much as $47 million. Even without the fine, this will further degrade the already tinted image of Boeing organization.As a response to this looming legal, ethical and social responsibility issues, Boeing organization has made the prevention of additional s candals the primary management concern. With these past and present legal, ethical and social responsibility issues it is apparent that Boeing can no longer take any additional scandals. At a Boeing annual leadership retreat, General Counsel Doug Bain emphasized the severe sanctions he said are possible from two major scandals on Boeing's defense side and for alleged breaches of export laws.Boeing faces possible indictment by U.S. attorneys on both coasts, and the Department of Justice's assessment of damages exceeds $5 billion, he said. In addition, Boeing could be barred from government defense contracts or denied export licenses for both military and commercial sales, he said (Gates & Mundy, 2006). Additional scandal would reduce their chances of the legal outcomes of these present issues. In the recent years 15 company vice presidents have already been pushed out because of lapses regarding various ethical issues, which is a very alarming figure. The management planning has ther efore focused the scandal prevention strategies within top post of the organization.2- Analyze at least three factors that influence the company`s strategic, tactical, operational, and contingency planning.In 2001 shocked the Seattle community by announcing that it would move its headquarters to another location. According to Parish & Company (2001) that Boeing made this decision due to an inability to compete for capital with a financial pyramid scheme at the Microsoft Corporation. Its workers in Seattle are falling behind due to wage increases not keeping up with the area’s true inflation rate. Since Boeing is a cost intensive highly unionized organization this has resulted in intense labor conflicts with management.In the last bargaining session management asked that workers accept more wages in stock options rather than cash wages yet this is a tough sell to Boeing's workers.   Management is clearly attempting to join a pyramid scheme initiated by Microsoft yet being de nied access by its workers who want real cash wages (Parish, 2001). While Boeing Corporation must get from its earnings the cash wages it pays to workers, Microsoft is not required to deduct its stock option wages from earnings, due to an accounting loophole, even though the same tax deduction is provided in each case,This placed Boeing is placed in a situation where it is handicapped in the capital markets.   Boeing's stock is essentially deflated because it is being forced to show its wage expense as a deduction from earnings, thereby lowering earnings (Parish, 2001). On the other hand, Microsoft's earnings are grossly inflated, drawing more investor interest.   This forces Boeing to cut costs in order to improve earnings and thereby raise its stock price. This is more an economic factor that is affecting Boeing’s business strategy.The recent battle between Airbus A380 and Boeing 787 Dreamliner has also greatly affected Boeing’s strategy and contingency plans. Wh en Airbus launched the A380, a large plane with a capacity of more than 500, Boeing has to compete with great speed in the development life cycle in order to gain a larger market share. The A380 is built around the assumption that airlines will continue to fly smaller planes on shorter routes (spokes) into a few large hubs, then onward to the next hub on giant airplanes (Babej ; Pollak, 2006).This is based on the assumption that passengers will want to put up with the hassles of changing planes in exchange for the privilege of traveling in a jet-powered cruise liner. While Airbus focus on size and capacity, Boeing rides on the idea of fuel efficient plane that will bring people directly to where they want to go.According to Marty Bentrott, Vice President of sales, â€Å"Our strategy has been to design and build an airplane that will take passengers where they want to go, when they want to go, without intermediate stops; do it efficiently while providing the utmost comfort to passen gers; and make it simple and cost-effective for airlines to operate† (Babej ; Pollak, 2006). Boeing’s strategy is to focus on innovation to make fuel-efficient engines as oppose to economy through size. This is an example of a technological factor affecting Boeings contingency plan.Globalization has also greatly affected Boeing’s strategy. The growing power of international economic and market forces has made considerable impacts on tourism. Tourism studies have shown that Airline have made significant profits in 2004. These increases in travel coincide with Boeng’s target to build bigger and long range fuel efficient Boeing 787 Dreamliners.ReferencesGates, D. ; Mundy, A. (2006). Boeing lawyer warns of company's legal peril. Retrieved on February 16, 2007 from the SeattleTimes online web site: http://old.seattletimes.com/html/businesstechnology/2002772936_boeing31.htmlParish, B. (2001). Microsoft Financial Pyramid Costs Seattle Its Largest Employer, the Bo eing Corporation, and Destabilizes Government Tax Revenues. Retrieved on February 16, 2007   from the Parish and Company Home Page : http://www.billparish.com/20010322boeingandmsft.htmlBabej, M, & Pollak, T. (2001). Boeing Versus Airbus. Retrieved on February 16, 2007   from the Forbes.com website : http://www.forbes.com/forbes/welcome/?toURL=http://www.forbes.com/2006/05/23/unsolicited-advice-advertising-cx_meb_0524boeing.html&refURL=&referrer=

The Foundations Of National Reconstruction History Essay

On Nationalism, Suns purpose was to unify the Chinese people to contend for a common cause. This was important for any revolution to take topographic point as it had to affect big multitudes. This meant that the people will hold to alter their perceptual experiences to see themselves as fellow citizens instead than people from different racial and societal groups. He emphasized that under the new Chinese Republic, no race will be discriminated, specifically indicating out that the Manchus, even though they were hated for doing China ‘s death, would non be treated below the belt. He besides highlighted the importance of patriotism for China to be powerful state. Sun hoped that a united community would increase national consciousness and a united people will be powerful to guard of enemies such as the European colonialists that were still busying parts of China. On democracy, Sun explained the system of democracy and what political alterations were traveling to take topographic p oint. He challenged the legitimacy of the old monarchies of China in which he stated that the societal groups in which one individual was considered superior over the other is against the rule in which all worlds are equal. He besides explained the demand for a democratic authorities and argues for the formation of a Chinese fundamental law. Finally, Sun explained his positions of Livelihood. In the economic system, Sun explained the state of affairs of the Chinese economic system and highlighted alterations in the economic system, chiefly explicating the demand of province ownership in order to avoid income inequality. Sun besides explained on the demand for three revolutions that will finally take China to a fully fledged democracy. In this part Sun besides drafted his thought of the future cardinal authorities of the Republic of China, which will dwell of five boards to guarantee cheques and balances in the authorities and forestall any functionary from being excessively powerful which may endanger democracy in China. Sun this as a political statement on China ‘s advancement. This papers reiterates the Three Principles of the People in which he mentioned in 1905[ 2 ]. He besides highlighted the incompetency of the old system of authorities in the papers and besides his positions on the importance of a revolution. The address ‘s intended audience was the Chinese people, to inform them on how China was traveling to travel frontward to Reconstruction of its state after the blue period during the stoping old ages of Qing Dynasty. The papers was written in 1923, at the clip when Sun had made merely finished his last expatriate and had eventually became the de facto leader of the Republic of China.[ 3 ]Despite the triumph of the 1911 revolution of China when the Qing Empire was overthrown, the new democracy was a failure. Democracy was non achieved and it was mired by heavy corruptness. Sun became the probationary president of the Republic of China for a short period of four months and so po wer was handed over to Yuan Shikai. Yuan Shikai, being a power-hungry individual was more interested of consolidating his ain power than anything else, seting China into farther confusion.[ 4 ]After Yuan ‘s decease, China came to the epoch of warlordism, which factionalized China.[ 5 ]Hence in 1923, Sun had wanted to repeat China ‘s demand of advancement and growing to travel frontward re-emphasise the exalted ideals of the revolution. The papers he wrote is in a optimistic tone given that the papers written seems to portray that Sun belief that his three rules will convey about success in China ‘s Reconstruction. These rules besides show that Sun wanted the future coevals to retrieve him as a symbol of China ‘s success, which had brought Chinas out of its worst times towards a bright hereafter. Based on his papers, it can be seen that the 1920s was a clip of great adversity and a period of muss in China. At the period of warlordism, China was broken up into many different coteries. Warlords were invariably contending each other for districts. The economic status at that period was awful ; the warlords had wrecked the financial system of China and greatly hampered any patterned advance in the economic system.[ 6 ]Hence, the papers attempted to supply solutions to the assortment of jobs in China However, the article ‘s optimism seems to be slightly ill-conceived given the desperate political, economic and societal world faced by China during this period. It was ever traveling to be hard to accomplish the ends stated in the papers. An illustration was Sun ‘s hopes that different ethnicities in China would see themselves as fellow citizens and handle each other every bit.[ 7 ]This was hard because China had a really long history of factionalism, where people saw themselves as portion of a race or a societal group alternatively of a united people.[ 8 ]It would be a tall order to anticipate every racial and societal group in China to alter. Furthermore, some racial groups differ greatly in civilization and linguistic communication. An illustration of this would be the Han Chinese and the Tibetans who are still non able to screen out their differences today. In fact, when the papers was written, China was still in the Warlord epoch and hence at that place was already a immense challenge of eliminating the different military coteries before any success on patriotism is was possible. This optimism is besides undermined by the deficiency of any concrete programs Sun had to further patriotism in China. Another high spot in the papers was the thought of province ownership, which Sun felt was the manner to travel frontward instead Capitalism. Sun ‘s thought of province ownership instead than traveling towards private ownership at the beginning of the democracy, was the logical measure to take because Capitalism needs to hold a solid foundation before it can be implemented and China did non hold this in 1923. Besides, Capitalism is a Western economic system and therefore following Capitalism was likely to tie in his authorities with the powers which were looting China during this period of clip, and therefore would de-legitimize Sun ‘s government. Sun had made mentioned illustrations of Europe and America significantly in the papers. This was due to Sun ‘s esteem of its advancement and success in political and economic cabals. . This had therefore encouraged him to look to the West to retroflex their theoretical account in accomplishing a successful republican democracy that he wished China would be. Hence, Sun wanted to follow some of these Western systems to China. Even the three basicss that he had mentioned in the papers were similar to that of the Gallic slogan, Liberty, Equality and Fraternity[ 9 ]. Furthermore as Sun had studied in the West, he was really influenced by Western instructions and saw the success of the West because of its strong sense of Nationalism, effectual democracy and well-run economic system. Hence, these factors convinced him that some theoretical accounts from the West needed to be For Sun, being imperfect was the extreme importance and he felt that advancement could merely be achieved throu gh autonomy and democracy[ 10 ]and hence this influenced his policies stated in the papers that focused on these countries. Sun had desperately wanted advancement because it was a instead pressing issue in China. One of the factors was likely due to the advancement of another East Asiatic state, Japan who was already economically and politically advanced as compared to China in 1923.If China does non come on it might stay taken for granted by westerners and Japan who were already busying parts of China, merely an betterment in China ‘s state of affairs could let it to be stronger against these forces. Furthermore, China was used to be a proud and powerful state and alternatively of being occupied and shamed, it used to hold tributary provinces whose states used to be subservience to its emperor[ 11 ]. Hence, China was a proud state and Sun ‘s purpose was to reconstruct this pride of the Chinese people. Its retardation was mortifying in China. Sun therefore see the import ance of advancement to recover its strength in international dealingss This papers therefore of import as it was used as a footing of administration in the old ages to come when China was under the Kuomintang. However, in Mainland China today, it influence is limited because it was taken over by the Chinese Communist Party during the civil war, the Chinese authorities still upholds this papers as the rule of its state ‘s fundamental law.[ 12 ]

Comparison of Two Short Stories by Tobias Wolff Essay

From the weekend fishing trips to complete hatred and denial, father-son relationships can be characterized by many good and bad experiences. After reading the two short stories â€Å"Powder† by Tobias Wolff and â€Å"If the River was Whiskey† by T. C. Boyle, which both feature father-son relationships that are placed under a large amount of stress. There are many similarities and differences between these two relationships that are not apparent upon just a cursory glance. A father can be completely inconsiderate of his sons needs or try his best to meet them and still create turmoil within the relationship. After reading Wolff’s short story â€Å"Powder,† one can conclude that the father tries quite hard to make his son happy. In this story the father takes the son to places the mother would not approve of in order to try and win his affection. Wolff states, â€Å"He’d had to fight for the privilege of my company, because my mother was still angry with him for sneaking me into a nightclub during his last visit, to see Thelonious Monk† (33). Taking his son to these places is his way of forming a father-son connection. Not only does he take his son skiing, he fights his wife for the privilege, and when she disagrees he does it without her knowledge. While this strengthens the father-son relation, the husband-wife relation is weakened. In this case the father is trying more to be the best friend instead of a role model, and in doing so creates conflicts with his wife. This directly affects the son’s well being because what child would be happy to see his parents fighting. In Wolff’s story the father is displayed as being a risk-taker and borderline reckless. This is where the father and son seem to clash in their relationship. Wolff writes, â€Å"I always thought ahead. I was a boy who kept his clothes on numbered hangers to insure proper rotation. I bothered my teachers for homework assignments far ahead of their due dates so I could draw up schedules† (36). Obviously, his father did not plan or think ahead, or he would have planned on leaving the ski lodge early in case they ran into trouble. When they got down the road, the trooper tells them that the road is blocked and the son became annoyed and frustrated with his father’s carelessness. He says to his father â€Å"we should have left before† (35) This comment made his father feel inadequate, and he did not respond to it. His father’s recklessness directly affects their relationship. The boy is more like a man, and the father is more like a boy, showing the â€Å"adult† in a relationship is not always who it seems, but that people can learn about themselves by their relationships with others. The son was very uneasy and nervous when his father started driving down the snow covered road once the trooper left his post. Wolff shows this when he writes â€Å"to keep my hands from shaking I clamped them between my knees† (35). The connection was restored between them when the child decided to stop moping and began to enjoy himself. The child says, â€Å"My father in his forty-eighth year, rumpled, kind, bankrupt of honor, flushed with certainty. He was a great driver. All persuasion, no coercion, such subtlety at the wheel, such tactful pedalwork. I actually trusted him† (37). This was a big turning point in their relationship because the child now sees greatness in his father that he had never seen before. In Boyle’s short story, â€Å"If the River was Whiskey† the same rocky father-son relationship that slowly takes a turn for the better is displayed. The father in Boyle’s story is much worse than the one in Wolff’s story in that he is an alcoholic that did not spend much time with his son. While in Wolff’s story spending time with his son made the father feel good, all the father in Boyle’s story needed was alcohol to feel good, giving no attention to his son. The wife attacks the father by saying, â€Å"We’ve been here two weeks and you haven’t done one damn thing with him, nothing, zero. You haven’t even been down to the lake. What kind of father are you? † (231). Seeing his parents in such an argument affects the son by making him disconnected and hateful toward his father. When the son came home from school he would find his father â€Å"sitting in the dark, hair in his face, bent low over the guitar. There was an open bottle of liquor on the coffee table and a clutter of beer bottles† (231). Coming back to this dreary home life after school and seeing one’s father in this condition would be very traumatic. It shows him that his father doesn’t care about his job and would rather be at home drinking while reminiscing about his past. The relationship between them finally took a turn for the better when his father put down the bottle and decides to go fishing with Tiller and spend some quality time with him. Boyle explains Tiller’s excitement by saying â€Å"It was too much for him all at once–the sun, the breeze that was so sweet, the novelty of his father rowing, pale arms and a cigarette clenched between his teeth, the boat rocking, and the birds whispering–he closed his eyes a minute, just to keep from going dizzy with the joy of it† (233). At this point, one can see that Tiller’s feelings of hate toward his father are diminishing. His father’s attitude also seems to have changed because he is making a conscious effort to not drink and have a good time on the water. When his father finally hooked a fish on his line, it was perhaps the climax of their relationship. Boyle writes, â€Å"Tiller saw something in his eyes he hardly recognized anymore, a connection, a charge, as if the fish were sending a current up the line, through the pole, and into his hands and body and brain† (234). That passage shows that Tiller actually felt him and his father finally connect. He describes it as hardly recognized because they had never really connected in this way before now. After his father pulled the fish up into the boat and Tiller realized it wasn’t a pike, â€Å"already the thing in his eyes was gone, already it was over† (234). This is where Tiller gets the feeling that his father had let him down as he always had before. The connection was once again lost. In both T. C. Boyle’s and Tobias Wolff’s stories the father’s actions create a direct reflection on their son. In T. C. Boyle’s story the father does things that damage his other relationships to try and improve the one with his son, and this is shown to have an equally bad result for the son as the one in Tobias Wolff’s story. In both stories there is a critical element that seems to connect the father and son. In both Wolff and Boyle’s story the sight of ones father performing a certain action creates an exhilarating short lived connection. A father can be completely inconsiderate of his sons needs or try his best to meet them and still create turmoil within the relationship that is occasionally interrupted by a one of kind father-son connection.

The concept of a polis

The polis was what they called the small, independent Greek city-states during the Classical period. It was a unique institution in that governance was not ruled by a monarchy as was usual with traditional states of the time, but a group of men who were either elected or chosen from among the nobility and later on, from among all free citizens. Membership was determined by birth although citizenship by naturalization was oftentimes admitted. Slaves, foreigners and women who live within the polis were not involved in government and not allowed to own land. In fact, slave labor was encouraged because they formed the backbone of the agricultural economy. The polis was usually bounded by walls and citadels and within was an agora or marketplace, the center of the city trade, and numerous temples. Most citizens live within but some members resided in the countryside. The modern-day equivalent of the polis would be any city in Western Europe or America. Like the classical polis, modern cities are political states, the citizens register with city hall or pays residential taxes, and there would be foreigners or residents coming from other places who would be subjected to the laws and regulations of the city. Its leaders are also elected or appointed. Unlike the polis, however, affiliation with a modern city is only political and not religious. Also, the hierarchies in modern cities are not ascribed by birth but by one's economic status. Most importantly, women and residents coming from other cities already have political rights and could even join in the government. There are open borders now instead of walled fortification between cities. Slavery has been banished and the basis of the economy has become as complex as the social structure of the city. Finally, although the city government can make its own ordinances and budget, the city itself is not dependent in that it is governed and part of a larger unit, the national government.

Maxim Gorky

Russian short story writer, novelist, autobiographer and essayist, whose life was deeply interwoven with the tumultuous revolutionary period of his own country. Gorky ended his long career as the preeminent spokesman for culture under the Soviet regime of Joseph Stalin. Gorky formulated the central principles of Socialist Realism, which became doctrine in Soviet literature. The rough, socially conscious naturalism of Gorky was described by Chekhov as â€Å"a destroyer bound to destroy everything that deserved destruction. † LIFEMaxim Gorky whose real name was Aleksei Maximovich Peshkov, was born on March 16, 1868, in the Volga River city of Nizhny Novgorod, which in 1932 was renamed Gorky in his honor. His father, a cabinetmaker, died when Gorky was 4 years old, and the boy was raised in harsh circumstances by his maternal grandparents, the proprietors of a dye works. From the age of 10 Gorky was virtually on his own, and he worked at a great variety of occupations, among them shopkeeper's errand boy, dishwasher on a Volga steamer, and apprentice to an icon maker.At a very tender age he saw a great deal of the brutal, seamy side of life and stored up impressions and details for the earthy and starkly realistic stories, novels, plays, and memoirs which he later wrote. He was self-taught in many areas, including literature, philosophy, and history, both Russian and Western. In 1884 Gorky moved to Kazan, dreaming of entering university. That didn’t come to happen because of lack of money. Instead he enrolled in the â€Å"revolutionary underground school. † He attended gymnasium and university populist clubs, reading the relevant literature and fighting with police.At the same time he earned his living doing menial work. In December 1887 a series of misfortunes led him to a suicide attempt. After that, Gorky traveled around Russia in search of a job and experience. He traveled to the Volga Region, the Don, Ukraine, Crimea, South Bessarabia (now part of Moldova) and the Caucasus. He worked as a labourer in a village, a dishwasher, a railroad guard and a worker at a fishery, a salt-works and a repair workshop. At the same time he managed to get acquainted with people from arts circles, take part in clashes with police and earn an overall reputation as an â€Å"untrustworthy† individual.In his travels, he collected prototypes for his future characters, which can be seen in his early works, where the characters were people from the â€Å"bottom† echelons of society. In 1895 he was appointed at the â€Å"Samara Newspaper† (â€Å"Samarskaya gazeta†), where he wrote daily articles for the gossip column â€Å"By the Way† (â€Å"Mezhdu prochim†), signing them as Iegudiil Khlamida. While at the paper he met Ekaterina Volzhina, an editor, whom he married a year later. In 1897 he suffered from aggravated tuberculosis and moved to the Crimea together with his wife. Later they moved to the vill age of Maksatikha in Ukraine’s Poltava Region.That same year, his son Maksim was born. At the beginning of 1898 Gorky returned to Nizhniy Novgorod and in April 1901 Gorky was detained in Nizhniy Novgorod for having taken part in student unrest in St. Petersburg. Later he was expelled to Arazmus. Gorky was elected an honorary academic of polite literature. However, under Emperor Nikolay II’s order, the result of the election was annulled. In 1903 he broke up with his wife and in 1904, the Moscow Theatre Actress Maria Andreeva became his common law wife. In 1905 Gorky was an active participant in the revolution.He was a close associate of the social-democrats but at the same time, on the eve of â€Å"Bloody Sunday† (a key moment in Russia’s history, which served as a trigger for the 1905 Revolution) he visited Sergey Witte, the author of the October Manifesto of 1905, and together with a group of intellectuals he tried to prevent the tragedy. After the revo lution Gorky was arrested on charges of preparing a coup d'à ©tat, but both Russian and European cultural figures rose up to defend the writer. He was released and at the beginning of the following year, emigrated from Russia.He went to America to collect funds to support the Russian Revolution. In 1913 Gorky returned to Russia. After the 1917 Revolution his position became ambiguous: on the one hand, he was supportive of the new authorities, but on the other hand, he kept to his own beliefs, thinking that mass culture is more important than class struggle. At the same time, he started working at the â€Å"World Literature† (â€Å"Vsemirnaya literatura†) publishing house, founding the newspaper â€Å"New Life† (â€Å"Novaya Zhizn†). Gorky’s relations with the authorities gradually aggravated.In 1921 he left Russia, officially going to Germany for medical treatment, but in fact escaping Bolshevik retribution. He lived in Germany and Czechoslovakia until 1924. During this time he actively wrote articles for German magazines (â€Å"The Acknowledgement of a Poet and the Russian Literature of Our Time,† â€Å"The Russian Cruelty,† â€Å"The Intellectuals and the Revolution†). All the articles show his rejection of what had happened in Russia. Gorky actively strived to unify Russian artists working abroad. In the mid-1920s Gorky moved to Sorrento, Italy, where he started work on the novel â€Å"The Life of Klim Samgin† (â€Å"Zhizn Klima Samgina†).The novel was never finished. In 1928 he journeyed to the USSR and spent the summer traveling around the country. His impressions on the trip were published in the book â€Å"Around the Union of Soviets† (â€Å"Po Soyuzu Sovetov†). Three years later Gorky moved to Moscow. Having seen the results of Bolshevik rule while traveling, he set as his goal the promotion of the new â€Å"cultural construction† of the country. He initiated th e creation of literary magazines and publishing houses. Later he organized and chaired the first all-Soviet meeting of Soviet writers. In May 1934 Gorky’s son was killed.Some suspected the NKVD (the People’s Commissariat of Internal Affairs) was responsible for the killing. Two years later Gorky died himself. Speculations continued to surround his death for years; one popular theory suggested he was deliberately poisoned. Gorky is buried in Moscow. LITERARY CAREER Gorky rose to prominence early in life and made his mark as a writer, playwright, publicist, and publisher in Russia and abroad. His literary career began in 1892 with the publication of the story â€Å"Makar Chudra. † His articles and stories were soon appearing in provincial newspapers and journals.His ideas of the writer's involvement in the social, political, and economic problems facing Russia were close to those of Leo Tolstoy and Vladimir G. Korolenko, who became his mentor and friend. Some of h is literary works had important political significance, such as the poem Burevestnik (The Stormy Petrel), which in 1901 prophesied the oncoming storm of revolution. While visiting the United States in 1906 on a mission to win friends for the revolution and raise funds for the Russian Social Democratic Workers' Party (RSDWP), he wrote the novel Mat (Mother).Gorky's revolutionary ideology lay in his insistence on the inevitability of radical change in Russian society. He started to write for newspapers, and his first book, the 3-volume Sketches and Stories (1898-1899), established his reputation as a writer. Gorky wrote with sympathy and optimism about the gypsies, hobos, and down-and-outs. He also started to analyze more deeply the plight of these people in a broad, social context. In these early stories Gorky skillfully mixed romantic exoticism and realism. Occasionally he glorified the rebels among his outcasts of Russian society.In his early writing career Gorky became friends wit h Anton Chekhov , Leo Tolstoy , and Vladimir Lenin. Encouraged by Chekhov, he composed his most famous play, The Lower Depths (1902), which took much of the material from his short stories. It was performed at the Moscow Art Theater under the direction of Konstantin Stanislavsky. The Lower Depths enjoyed a huge success, and was soon played in Western Europe and the United States. Gorky was literary editor of Zhizn from 1899 and editor of Znanie publishing house in St. Petersburg from 1900.Foma Gordeyev (1899), his first novel, dealt with the new merchat class in Russia. The short story Dvadsat' shest' i odna (1899, Twenty-Six Men and a Girl) was about lost ideals. â€Å"There were twenty-six of us – twenty-six living machines locked in a damp basement where, from dawn to dusk, we kneaded dough for making into biscuits and pretzels. The window of our basement looked out onto a ditch dug in front of them and lined with brick that was green from damp; the windows were covered o utside in fine wire netting and sunlight could not reach us through the flour-covered panes.Our boss had put the wire netting there so we could not give hand-outs of his bread to beggars or those comrades of ours who were without work and starving. † (from ‘Twenty-Six Men and a Girl', 1899) The joy in the lives of the bakers is the 16-year old Tania, who works in the same building. A handsome ex-soldier, one of the master bakers, boasts of his success with women. He is challenged to seduce Tania. When Tania succumbs, she is mocked by the men, who have lost the only bright spot in the darkness. Tania curses them and walks away, and is never again seen in the basement.Gorky became involved in a secret printing press and was temporarily exiled to Arzamas, central Russia in 1902. On leaving Russia in 1906, Gorky spent seven years as a political exile, living mainly in his villa on Capri in Italy. Politically, Gorky was a nuisance to his fellow Marxists because of his insiste nce on remaining independent, but his great influence was a powerful asset, which from their point of view outweighed such minor defects. He returned to Russia in 1913, and during World War I he agreed with the Bolsheviks in opposing Russia’s participation in the war.He opposed the Bolshevik seizure of power during the Russian Revolution of 1917 and went on to attack the victorious Lenin’s dictatorial methods in his newspaper Novaya zhizn (â€Å"New Life†) until July 1918, when his protests were silenced by censorship on Lenin’s orders. Living in Petrograd, Gorky tried to help those who were not outright enemies of the Soviet government. Gorky often assisted imprisoned scholars and writers, helping them survive hunger and cold. His efforts, however, were thwarted by figures such as Lenin and Grigory Zinovyev, a close ally of Lenin’s who was the head of the Petrograd Bolsheviks.In 1921 Lenin sent Gorky into exile under the pretext of Gorky’s needing specialized medical treatment abroad. In the decade ending in 1923 Gorky’s greatest masterpiece appeared. This is the autobiographical trilogy Detstvo (1913–14; My Childhood), V lyudyakh (1915–16; In the World), and Moi universitety (1923; My Universities). The title of the last volume is sardonic because Gorky’s only university had been that of life, and his wish to study at Kazan University had been frustrated.This trilogy is one of the finest autobiographies in Russian. It describes Gorky’s childhood and early manhood and reveals him as an acute observer of detail, with a flair for describing his own family, his numerous employers, and a panorama of minor but memorable figures. The trilogy contains many messages, which Gorky now tended to imply rather than preach openly: protests against motiveless cruelty, continued emphasis on the importance of toughness and self-reliance, and musings on the value of hard work.Gorky finished his trilog y abroad, where he also wrote the stories published in Rasskazy 1922–1924 (1925; â€Å"Stories 1922–24†), which are among his best work. From 1924 he lived at a villa in Sorrento, Italy, to which he invited many Russian artists and writers who stayed for lengthy periods. Gorky’s health was poor, and he was disillusioned by postrevolutionary life in Russia, but in 1928 he yielded to pressures to return, and the lavish official celebration there of his 60th birthday was beyond anything he could have expected.In the following year he returned to the U. S. S. R. permanently and lived there until his death. His return coincided with the establishment of Stalin’s ascendancy, and Gorky became a prop of Stalinist political orthodoxy. Correspondence published in the 1990s between Gorky and Stalin and between Gorky and Genrikh Yagoda, the head of the Soviet secret police, shows that Gorky gradually lost all illusions that freedom would prevail in the U. S. S . R. , and he consequently adjusted to the rules of the new way of life.He was now more than ever the undisputed leader of Soviet writers, and, when the Soviet Writers’ Union was founded in 1934, he became its first president. At the same time, he helped to found the literary method of Socialist Realism, which was imposed on all Soviet writers and which obliged them—in effect—to become outright political propagandists. Gorky remained active as a writer, but almost all his later fiction is concerned with the period before 1917. In Delo Artamonovykh (1925; The Artamonov Business), one of his best novels, he showed his continued interest in the rise and fall of prerevolutionary Russian capitalism.From 1925 until the end of his life, Gorky worked on the novel Zhizn Klima Samgina (â€Å"The Life of Klim Samgin†). Though he completed four volumes that appeared between 1927 and 1937 (translated into English as Bystander, The Magnet, Other Fires, and The Specter) , the novel was to remain unfinished. It depicts in detail 40 years of Russian life as seen through the eyes of a man inwardly destroyed by the events of the decades preceding and following the turn of the 20th century.There were also more plays—Yegor Bulychov i drugiye (1932; â€Å"Yegor Bulychov and Others†) and Dostigayev i drugiye (1933; â€Å"Dostigayev and Others†)—but the most generally admired work is a set of reminiscences of Russian writers—Vospominaniya o Tolstom (1919; Reminiscences of Leo Nikolaevich Tolstoy) and O pisatelyakh (1928; â€Å"About Writers†). The memoir of Tolstoy is so lively and free from the hagiographic approach traditional in Russian studies of their leading authors that it has sometimes been acclaimed as Gorky’s masterpiece.Almost equally impressive is Gorky’s study of Chekhov. He also wrote pamphlets on topical events and problems in which he glorified some of the most brutal aspects of Stalini sm. Assessment. After his death Gorky was canonized as the patron saint of Soviet letters. His reputation abroad has also remained high, but it is doubtful whether posterity will deal with him so kindly. His success was partly due, both in the Soviet Union and to a lesser extent abroad, to political accident.Though technically of lower-middle-class origin, he lived in such poverty as a child and young man that he is often considered the greatest â€Å"proletarian† in Russian literature. This circumstance, coinciding with the rise of working-class movements all over the world, helped to give Gorky an immense literary reputation, which his works do not wholly merit. Gorky’s literary style, though gradually improving through the years, retained its original defects of excessive striving for effect, of working on the reader’s nerves by the piling up of emotive adjectives, and of tending to overstate.Among Gorky’s other defects, in addition to his weakness for philosophical digressions, is a certain coarseness of emotional grain. But his eye for physical detail, his talent for making his characters live, and his unrivaled knowledge of the Russian â€Å"lower depths† are weighty items on the credit side. Gorky was the only Soviet writer whose work embraced the prerevolutionary and postrevolutionary period so exhaustively, and, though he by no means stands with Chekhov, Tolstoy, and others in the front rank of Russian writers, he remains one of the more important literary figures of his age.